Caper Spurge
Caper Spurge (Euphorbia lathyris), also known as mole plant or gopher spurge, is an invasive and noxious weed that poses a significant threat to native ecosystems. Belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, this biennial plant has a rapid growth rate and can quickly establish itself in a variety of habitats, including roadsides, fields, gardens, and disturbed areas. Caper Spurge produces toxic compounds that can harm livestock, wildlife, and humans, making it a problematic and potentially dangerous weed to manage.
Scientific Classification:
| Kingdom | Plantae |
|---|---|
| Phylum | Angiosperms |
| Class | Eudicots |
| Order | Malpighiales |
| Family | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus | Euphorbia |
| Species | lathyris |
Common Names: Caper Spurge is also known as mole plant or gopher spurge.
Areas where it is typically found: Caper Spurge is commonly found in a wide range of habitats, including roadsides, fields, pastures, gardens, and other disturbed areas. It prefers well-drained soils and can tolerate both full sun and partial shade.
Ecological Impact: Caper Spurge is considered an invasive species in many regions due to its ability to outcompete native plants for resources and space. Its toxic compounds deter herbivores, leading to reduced grazing pressure on the plant and giving it a competitive advantage over native species. When established, Caper Spurge can form dense stands, displacing native vegetation and disrupting local ecosystems.
Identification:
- Leaves: Caper Spurge has large, blue-green, succulent leaves that are alternate and lanceolate in shape. They are arranged spirally along the stems.
- Stems: The stems are thick, erect, and contain a milky sap when broken.
- Flowers: The flowers of Caper Spurge are small, green, and inconspicuous, clustered in structures called cyathia.
- Fruits: The fruits are three-lobed capsules that are initially green but turn brown as they mature.
- Roots/Rhizomes: Caper Spurge has a deep taproot system.
- Growth Habit: It is a biennial plant, meaning it completes its life cycle in two years. In the first year, it forms a rosette of leaves close to the ground. In the second year, it sends up flowering stems that can reach up to 3 to 5 feet in height.
Changes through the Four Seasons:
- Spring: In spring, Caper Spurge emerges as a rosette of leaves close to the ground, preparing for its second-year growth and flowering.
- Summer: During the summer, the plant develops tall flowering stems and produces inconspicuous flowers in clusters.
- Autumn: In autumn, the fruits mature, and the plant starts to senesce.
- Winter: During winter, the above-ground parts of Caper Spurge die back.
Treatment & Removal:
- Organic Methods: Hand-pulling can be effective for small infestations of Caper Spurge, especially during the first year when it forms rosettes. Be sure to wear gloves due to the toxic sap.
- Mechanical Methods: Mowing or cutting the plant before seed formation can prevent further spread.
- Biological Methods: There are no commonly used biological control methods for Caper Spurge.
- Chemical Methods: Selective herbicides can be used, but care should be taken to avoid harming non-target plants.
On-Going Management & Control: Regular monitoring and early intervention are key to managing Caper Spurge. Preventing seed production and removing plants before they flower and set seeds can help prevent further spread.
Conclusion: Caper Spurge’s rapid growth, ability to outcompete native plants, and toxic compounds make it a troublesome weed that poses a threat to native ecosystems. Vigilant management and control efforts are essential to curbing its spread and preserving the biodiversity of natural habitats.